Professional Development And Reflective Practice Education Essay

master copy Development And meditative Practice Education EssayCounsellor self-aw areness has been frequently emphasised as a sm totally professional competency for all counsellors (Remley Herlihy, 2007). To victuals this constitute competency, ruminative rehearse is an important convey of supporting self-awareness in students and set out counsellors. This paper will look at some definitions of musing dedicate, and how it is farther more than just recovering about what has happened. musing come is an overture used in rede and other health professions where models of objurgation fracture a way to evaluate applied eruditeness it is a order of refining skills and expertise by scrutinizing actions while they are creation carried out, and because assessing them finished discussion, writing exercises such as journalling, similar assessments or by professional supervision. wistful drill has been developed in a grade of fields over the last few decades, most marke dly in professions where interpersonal congressships are central and a high degree of a priori judgement and decision- reservation is needed. Because of this, counselling and teaching make great use of reflective utilise methods, along with community and youth treaters, and allied health professionals.Professional practice was pi hotshotered by Donald Schn in the 1980s. Several models exist, but basically reflective practice and cultivation involves suppuration and evolution as a professional by considering at an event or incident, understanding it and learning from it. Different models may emphasise different areas of reflective learning, or let out the process to include a range of peers, communities and professional or learning colleaguesReflective practice is a continuous process and involves the scholar considering critical incidents in their life examines. As defined by Schn, reflective practice involves thoughtfully considering ones own conveys in applying cogniti on to practice while existence coached by professionals in the discipline. It has been depict as an unstructured, self-regulated process approaching enjoin understanding and learning.Reflective practice as a way of work that involves acting consciously and deliberately on the basis of critical discernment and understanding. A reflective practitioner necessarily to develop an awareness of spic-and-span ways to look at situations, consider tonic opportunities and techniques, and pay backs fresh means to challenge states an circumstances. A reflective practioners is a Iifelong bookman, as each populate will shape their practice and approach.A belief which underpins reflective practice is that counsellors should consolidate or frame our understanding. Framing is an inevit satisfactory thing on that point is no way of perceiving and making sense of reality except with a frame, for the very task of making sense of complex, information-rich situations requires an operation of s electivity and organisation, which is what border means (Schn, 1994, p29).To be reflective does not imply disregarding all assumptions and prior opinions. Instead, it is about being aware of what practioners bring with us when we stomach with others. Reflective practitioners must be able to put themselves in the position of other actors, but and they must also have the complementary capability to consider how their own frames may contribute to problematic situations (Schn, 1994, p187).Reflective practice is consequently something that takes persistent and constant clock, commitment and practice.To help counsellors, particularly as beginning counsellors, this wad be where an good supervisor is so important, inspire the counsellor to grow as a person and a professional, to think and act outside of the box and avoid falling into self-deception or pitfalls.An continuing commitment to education and also an essential basic necessity to aid this growth and development.In reflective practice it is possible to complete three different phases. Schn (1983) distinguished between verbal expression-in-action (at the same time as the practice takes place) and reflection-on-action ( afterwardwards).reflection on practice which involves stepping back from an experience and exploring (a) what happened (b) what base be learned from it and (b) what should be done near time. This approach is used widely with students in various disciplines who are encouraged to hang on a journal of learning experiences and their practice implications. Kolbs learning circle (experience _reflection _ making sense _ readiness for action) is a common tool used by supervisors to help students learn this process in systematic form.Secondly, on that point is reflection in practice which involves being aware and conscious in the here-and-now scrap i.e. during supervision/counselling as its actually happening. This is, in some respects, an advanced-level action at law of reflection on prac tice and essential for those engaged in counselling and supervision approaches that involve working primarily with immediacy (e.g. psychotherapy recognising transference, projection, pair process etc.). It is also especially valuable for people working in crisis situations where conditions change rapidly and the ability to think continually on ones feet is critical.the fight between reflection on and reflection in is, in essence, the disparity between What happened then? and What is happening now?.The practice dimension reminds us that for learning- by dint of-reflection to stupefy genuinely transformational, it needs to be applied. The role of supervisor, therefore, involves not that helping the counsellor to learn through reflection but to support application of that learning to enhance his or her counselling practice. When these dimensions are cadaverous together in continual process, the counsellor can be described as a reflective practitioner.According to Schon (1983), re flection-in-action is a rigorous professional process involving ac noesisment of and reflection on uncertainty and complexity in ones practice leading to a legitimate form of professional acute (p.69).Reflection-in-action is defined by Schn as the ability of professionals to think what they are doing while they are doing it.the only way to manage the indeterminate zones of (professional) practice is through the ability to think on your feet, and apply previous experience to new-sprung(prenominal) situations. This is essential work of the professional, and requires the capability of reflection-in-action.Schn also offers his thoughts on how this kind of professional is produced. He describes a number of key designsThe Reflective Practicum. a term for the educational setting, or environment A practicum is a setting designed for the task of learning a practice. This is where students learn by doing, with the help of coaching. The practicum is reflective in two senses it is intended to help students become proficient in a kind of reflection-in-action and, when it works well, it involves a chat of coach and student that takes the form of reciprocal reflection-in-action. Tacit knowledge his comes from the work of Michael Polanyi3. He describes for example the remarkable way we are able to hen-peck out a familiar face in a crowd. This does not require mentation about, or a systematic analysis of features. We cannot show how this is done, and so the knowledge is unspoken or tacit.Knowing-in-action derives from the idea of tacit knowledge. It refers to the kinds of knowledge revealed in the way we carry out tasks and approach problems. The knowing is in the action. It is revealed by the skilful execution of the performance we are characteristically inefficient to make it verbally explicit. This tacit knowledge is derived from research, and also from the practitioners own reflections and experience.Reflection-in-action reflection that occurs whilst a problem is being addressed, in what Schon calls the action-present. It is a response to a surprise where the expected outcome is outside of our knowing-in-action. The reflective process is at least to some degree conscious, but may not be verbalised. Reflection-in-action is about challenging our assumptions (because knowing-in-action forms the basis of assumption). It is about thinking again, in a new way, about a problem we have encountered.Reflection-on-action reflection after the event. Consciously undertaken, and often documented.Willing suspension of disbelief describes the process of entry into an experience, without judgment, in order to learn from it. Schn uses the term in relation to the idea of learning by doing. One cannot will oneself to believe until one understands. But understanding often will only arise from experience. So it is necessary first to allow the experience to happen.Operative attention hearing and absorbing information, in a state of readiness to apply and ex perimentation with the new information. An everyday example would be when we listen to directions on how to find an obscure address. This participation is important in the learning process a learner needs to be already engaged in activity for further information to have meaning. This in turn is partly derived from Wittgensteins5 tilt that the meaning of an operation can only be learned through its performance. Hence mechanical or imperfect performance of an activity prepares the learner for new information (feedback) on that activity, in order to develop understanding.The prevail of reflection Schn speaks of a vertical dimension of analysis that can happen in the dialogue between learner and teacher. To move up a rung on the ladder involves reflecting on an activity. To move vote out a rung is to move from reflection to experimentation. This ladder has more than two rungs it is also possible to reflect on the process of reflection. The importance of this concept is in its poten tial for helping out with stuck situations in learning. Being able to move to another level may assist coach and learner to achieve together what Schn refers to as convergence of meaning.Professional reflective practice is an intricate and challenging activity. It takes time, commitment and support, ongoing professional development and supervision to mature. It should leads to new action and a confirmation of existing actions.Reflective practice needs to be more than just thoughtful practice, it needs to be a continual process of turning practice into educational opportunities.Also very useful in expressing an approach to reflective practice is Kolbs existential learning theory. Kolb (1984), a leader in the contemporary experiential education movement, defined experiential learning as the process whereby knowledge is created through the transformation of experience (p. 38). His model of experiential learning was base on the works of developmental theorists John Dewey, Kurt Lewin, a nd Jean Piaget. Ideally there is a learning cycle or spiral where the learner passed through a four stage learning cycle first a cycle of experiencing, then of reflecting, thirdly thinking, and finally acting. Immediate or cover experiences lead to observations and reflections. These reflections are then assimilated (absorbed and translated) into abstract concepts with implications for action, which the person can actively test and experiment with, which in turn enable the creation of new experiences.As learners continue to have new cover experiences, by reflecting and thinking about them, we can plan, test hypotheses, and have a substantiative blow on new experiences.Kolbs learning circle (experience, reflection, making sense, then planning for action) is a practical tool to help students learn (Wright, 202) . (a) concrete experience, (b) reflective observation, (c) abstract conceptualization, and (d) active experimentation.The process of experiential education and learning beg ins with the concrete experience itself (e.g., participating as a member in a small assembly) and continues with intentional and guided reflection on or query of that experience. Abstract conceptualization represents both the integration of learning experiences and the generation of new ideas. This might include identifying and understanding the monopolizing behaviour on the part of a group member and brainstorming ways to address it in the next group session. Through active experimentation, these new ideas can be time-tested and explored.the process of reflection is one of the necessary stages of learning (Kolb 1984 Bennett-Levy 2006) and therefore discontinue of clinical wisdom is reflection on practice. Supervision provides the reflective space in which to consider the difficulties and particulars of counselling, within a supportive relationship. Supervision provides the hazard to develop skills andunderstanding, and provides an avenue for comparing different approaches to m anaging and conceptualising client problems.Supervision can provided the reflective space to help the supervisee learn about their own thoughts and feelings, and the set of self on clients.As a beginning counsellor, there a variety of excellent refection strategies to assist in personal and professional growth and development, to help improve counselling skills, and to prevent burn out and being overwhelmed by worries and concerns of clients.Appropriate and effective supervision (as well as group and peer supervision), journalling, feedback from clients and supervisors, measures of client progress, and continued education.Padesky (1996 273-4) wrote The art and skill of therapy are shell developed in a therapist who consistently analyses and learns from both positive and negative client feedback and outcome.

Tackling Obesity at a Global Level

Tackling corpulency at a Global LevelShirley PANGObesity has become increasingly recognized as a serious health issue and has aro employ semipublic concern. World-wide, 475 million adults and 200 million teenagers argon currently struggling with corpulency (World Obesity Federation, 2014). The majority argon in America and Europe (Ibid). This phenomenon results from diet imbalance due to over-consumption of calories and lack of exploit. not lonesome(prenominal) are people produceing from several types of disease such(prenominal) as heart problems and in high spirits blood pressure (World Obesity Federation, 2014), still also are being put uping discrimination by smart set as abnormal. The prevalence of obesity has been rising extensively and constantly in UK over the past two decades ( common wellness England, 2014). Currently, 67% of mannishs and 57% of women suffer from obesity or are overweight (Tran, 2014). Obesity is not that destructive and antagonizing to patient s own physical health, but also a overweight burden to the government and the whole economy. This essay result examine the catch of obesity and drawbacks of unsatisfactory levels of obesity. The conclusion of the paper present various strategies used in Denmark and UK to focus the levels of obesity.Firstly, wholesome nutritions such as organic vegetables and vitamins are getting to a greater extent expensive than ever and have become relatively expensive for citizens. For example, the terms of fruit and vegetables rose markedly by 17% in 1997 and 2003 (DeFusco, 2014). Obviously, non-nutritious intellectual nourishments such as canned foods and processed foods are cheaper, which provides an inducement for customers to purchase them. (Harvard instill of Public wellness, n.d.). As a result, unwholesome food trades a bigger market than fresh food. Low-income families tend to spend more on bargain groceries, and having a higher consumption rate of altercate food in households induces a high obesity rate (Yale rudd Centre, n.d.) The different structures of price greatly impact chronic obesity, which is why governments essay to implement a plunk down valuate to prohibit such a situation.Secondly, moving to another drive of obesity. Continuing physical activity delivers the realise of burning calories. Without a doubt, people are contributing little and less of their duration to exercise that maintains a healthy livelihoodstyle. This globalization of this circumstance normally occurs because of shifts in economic development and modern technology (Harvard aim of Public wellness, n.d.). In the United Kingdom, people are less active as result their desire to own a vehicle instead of base on balls or cycling (Ibid). Frequently diet or feeding high calorie foods, especially staff of lifes and fats, which gradually accumulate in the luggage compartment without ceaseless physical exertion (NHS Choices, 2014). As a consequence, there has been a low i ncrease in mortality. It is compelling that insufficient physical activity is a crucial explanation for the growth in obesity.Obesity is considered as a potential threat to life expectancy. Heart disease is the main cause of fatalities, killing 598,000 people annually (FOX, 2013). Heart disease is followed by cancer, which causes 575,000 deaths annually (Ibid). Cardiovascular diseases are come from overweight (Centers for illness apply and Prevention, 2014). Officially, the judge longevity for a female is 81 years, while for a male it is 76.2 years (Centers for infirmity Control and Prevention, 2014). The measure of body mass list (BMI) is a tool for assessing the appropriate level of weight (NHS Choices, 2014). Researchers investigated the effect of body mass index on life span. A BMI of 30-35 kg/m2, which is regarded as modest obesity, causes a loss of 3 years of lifetime (University of Oxford, 2009). A BMI with 40-50kg/m2, which is considered as morbid obesity, causes a dec rease in lifetime of 8 to 10 years (Ibid). Thus, the greater BMI value, the higher the likelihood that people will be afflicted with various types of disease. It is noteworthy that obesity both maximizes the adventure of death and minimizes the quantity of life.We will now consider the negative ships company in between obesity and income. Obese employees have diminished stock prospects and fewer opportunities for promotion. Theoretically, wage is determined by how much a thespian contributes to a company (Cawley, 2011). For example, not only does obesity contribute to trammel productivity, which leads to reduced company profit, but it also increases the likelihood of diseases, leading to workers much applying for sick leave with a higher cost for health redress (Havard School of Public Health, 2012). Therefore, an obese worker produces less output and reduces company profit, causing that employer to avoid hiring or promoting obese workers. fare and beverages plays a vital r ole in declining obesity rates because of the calories that they contain a enormous energy. The UK government has reported that excess calories are the result of sugar (Public Health England, 2014). Therefore, The UK department of Health declared a Calorie drop- take out wassail would be implemented. These days, 39 food companies have given support and write an agreement agreeing to reduce sugar and calories in soft drinks ( segment of Health, 2014). Coca-Cola is a big manufacturer retailing a wide variety of drinks. Apart from lessen calories in carbonated drinks, Coca-Cola is also providing a detailed accounting of the calories in their drinks and providing easily understood nutrition labeling on their improved products. To illustrate, cola without sugar and calories accounted for 42 % of beverages sold (Department of Health, 2014).The producer has encouraged their retail merchants to purchase pabulum Coke and CocaCola Zero because these drinks are without calories and suga r (Coca-Cola, n.d.). Apparently, the motif is to assist their customers to improve their lifestyle though promotion of healthy beverages.Without enforcement of statute law, denote continuously promotes unwholesome food products. Advertising has been recognized as a highly effective medium for communication, and for selling products to particular targets, particularly aimed at obese people and children (Dehghan, Akhtar-Danesh and Merchant, 2005). Research has verified that 10% of advertisements promote confectionary or fast food chain restaurants such as KFC or McDonalds during family time (BBC News, 2014). Children and obese people are powerfully susceptible to choosing foods as a result of broadcast stations which promote a variety of food and beverage and large scale convenience food restaurants. Meanwhile, they prefer feeding morsels of photo chips, and snacks with carbonated drinks instead of food with good nourishment. Therefore, the advertising legislation was officially announced starting from April 2007 by the regulator, confidence of Communications. Ofcom analyzed the return and efficiency of the scheme by contrasting 2005 and 2008. They found that children watched advertisement with bloodshot foods 41% less (Department of Health, 2012). With unhealthy products sharply dismissed from advertising, children watching advertising fell by 25% ( say-so of Communications, 2010). These data indicated a considerable reduction of opportunities to view harmful advertising. Food advertisement is a form of trade skill, providing a variety of information and affecting food choices and the preferences of viewers. A sess mostly seeks to earn profits and attain turnover. Hence, rigid rules and regulation on advertising have decreased purchases of fast food.Physical activity reduces the cost of obesity and improves economic effectiveness. A study has recommended that an adult should exercise for 2.5 hours periodical while an adolescent and youngster should s pend more than 7 hours per hebdomad exercising, on average. (World Health Organization, 2010). The unexpected outcome was that merely 27.1% of high inform students actually allocate 60 minutes for a daily exercise (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2014). The survey indicated that less than 48% of adults fulfilled the requirement(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2014).The imposition of taxationes is a global strategy used to reduce the prevalence of obesity by shifting food choice to forward from the consumption of unhealthy and fatty foods. In fact, taxing is not only implemented to curb obesity, it is used to improve the average life buzz off by reducing heath disease and other serious illnesses (Kaplan, 2013). Denmark as an example, being the first European country to apply a deplume on high saturated foods. The surcharges were applied to foods containing more than 2.3% of saturated fats, butter, internality and Danish pastries (Channel 4 News, 2011). P rices increased sharply by 14% for oils and fats, 4% for meats and 3% for milk (Petkantchin, 2013).In addition, healthier foods are taxed favorably versus throw away foods which are taxed heavily, making them costly. As a result of, consumers lowered their demand for butter, skitter and cheese by almost 7% (Snowdon, 2013). Not all the consumers could suffer the increase in the price, especially for those needy people. For public of the view, perspective of tax collecting was pessimistic although markup the price to regulated consumer purchase fatty food. The public was displeased about the increased prices due to taxation however the tax was successful at reducing the consumption of fatty foods.BibliographyBBC News, (2014).Ban TV junk food ads until 2100, say campaigners. Online gettable at http//www.bbc.co.uk/ intelligence agency/health-26665952 Accessed 7 Jul. 2014.Cawley, J. (2011).The Obesity Wage Penalty. Online The New York clock. unattached at http//www.nytimes.com/roomf ordebate/2011/11/28/should-legislation-protect-obese-people/the-obesity-wage-penalty Accessed 29 Jul. 2014.Coca-Cola, (n.d.).Coca-Cola Enterprises Product Portfolio. Online easy at https//www.cokecce.com/corporate-responsibility-sustainability/product-portfolio Accessed 7 Jul. 2014.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, (2014).Facts about Physical occupation. Online getable at http//www.cdc.gov/physicalactivity/data/facts.html Accessed 28 Jul. 2014.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, (2014).Physical Activity Adolescent and School Health. Online Available at http//www.cdc.gov/healthyyouth/physicalactivity/facts.htm Accessed 28 Jul. 2014.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, (2014).FastStats How Healthy Are We. Online Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Available at http//www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/healthy.htm Accessed 31 Jul. 2014.DeFusco, D. (2014).High Cost of Fruits, Vegetables Linked to Higher Body plunk in Young Children News School of Public Af fairs American University. Online American University, School of public affair. Available at http//www.american.edu/spa/news/fruits-vegetables-children-study.cfm Accessed 3 Jul. 2014.Dehghan, M., Akhtar-Danesh, N. and Merchant, A. (2005). Childhood obesity, prevalence and prevention.Nutrition journal, online 4(1), p.4. Available at http//www.nutritionj.com/content/4/1/24sec3 Accessed 27 Jun. 2014.Department of Health, (2014).Responsibility Deal annual updates 2013/14 published today. Online Available at https//responsibilitydeal.dh.gov.uk/responsibility-deal-annual-updates-201314-published-today/ Accessed 6 Jul. 2014.Harvard School of Public Health, (n.d.).Physical Activity. Online Harvard School of Public Health. Available at http//www.hsph.harvard.edu/obesity-prevention-source/obesity-causes/physical-activity-and-obesity/references Accessed 28 Jun. 2014.Harvard School of Public Health, (2012).Economic Costs. Online Available at http//www.hsph.harvard.edu/obesity-prevention-source /obesity-consequences/economic/references Accessed 29 Jul. 2014.Mayhew, L. (2009).The impact of obesity on life expectancy. Online Cass Business School. Available at http//www.cass.city.ac.uk/news-and-events/news/2009/april2/the-impact-of-obesity-on-life-expectancy Accessed 31 Jul. 2014.NHS Choices, (2014).Whats your BMI? Online NHS Choices. Available at http//www.nhs.uk/Livewell/loseweight/Pages/BodyMassIndex.aspx Accessed 31 Jul. 2014.NHS Choices, (2014).Causes of obesity. Online Available at http//www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Obesity/Pages/Causes.aspx Accessed 31 Jul. 2014.Public Health England, (2014).About Obesity Online Available at http//www.noo.org.uk/NOO_about_obesity Accessed 25 Jun. 2014.Tran, M. (2014).Cadbury makes anti-obesity pledge with cap on chocolate bar calories. Online Guardian. Available at http//www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2014/jun/03/cadbury-anti-obesity-pledge-cap-chocolate-calories-mondelez Accessed 7 Jul. 2014.West Virginia Health Statistic Center, (n.d.).Section One Continued OBESITY AND MORTALITY. Online West Virginia Health Statistic Center. Available at http//www.wvdhhr.org/bph/oehp/obesity/mortality.htm Accessed 30 Jul. 2014.Worldobesity.org, (2014).World Obesity Federation about Obesity. Online Available at http//www.worldobesity.org/aboutobesity/ Accessed 25 Jun. 2014.World Health Organization, (2010).Global Recommendations on Physical Activity for Health. maiden ed. eBook World Health Organization, p.8. Available at http//whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2010/9789241599979_eng.pdf Accessed 28 Jul. 2014.Yale rudd Centre, (n.d.).Rudd Center for Food Policy Obesity What We Do political economy Topics Food Prices. online Yaleruddcenter.org. Available at http//www.yaleruddcenter.org/what_we_do.aspx?id=85 Accessed 3 Jul. 2014.University of Oxford, (2009).Moderate obesity takes years off life expectancy. Online University of Oxford. Available at http//www.ox.ac.uk/media/news_stories/2009/090317.html Accessed 31 Jul. 2014.Chan, K., Pren dergast, G., Grnhj, A. and Bech-Larsen, T. (2011).Danish and Chinese adolescents perceptions of healthy eating and attitudes toward regulatory measures. 3rd ed. Emerald Group Publishing Limited, p.219Channel 4 News, (2011).Denmark introduces fat tax on food. Online Available at http//www.channel4.com/news/denmark-introduces-fat-tax-on-food Accessed 26 Jun. 2014. delegacy of Communications, (2004).Childhood Obesity Food Advertising in Context. 1st ed. eBook Office of Communications, p.13. Available at http//stakeholders.ofcom.org.uk/binaries/research/tv-research/report2.pdf Accessed 26 Jun. 2014National obesity observatory, (no date).TV viewing and obesity in children and young people. eBook Available at http//www.noo.org.uk/uploads/doc/vid_15867_TV_viewing.pdf Accessed 27 Jun. 2014.Department of Health, (2012).An update on the governments approach to tackling obesity. eBook National study Office, p.25. Available at http//www.nao.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/tackling_obesity_u pdate.pdf Accessed 27 Jun. 2014.Office of Communications, (2010).HFSS advertising restrictions. 1st ed. eBook Office of Communications, pp.2-3. Available at http//stakeholders.ofcom.org.uk/binaries/research/tv-research/hfss-review-final.pdf Accessed 28 Jun. 2014Benson, B., Ferris, A., Eberle, M. and Huntington, C. (2008).The Economic Impact of Prevention. 1st ed. ebook University of Connecticut, p.i. Available at www.publichealth.uconn.edu/assets/economicimpact_06_25_08_final.pdf Accessed 28 Jun. 2014.NHS, (n.d.).Obesity Causes NHS Choices. Online Available at http//www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Obesity/Pages/Causes.aspx Accessed 28 Jun. 2014.Stanford Hospital Clinics, (n.d.).What Causes Obesity?. Online Available at http//stanfordhospital.org/clinicsmedServices/COE/surgicalServices/generalSurgery/bariatricsurgery/obesity/causes.html Accessed 1 Jul. 2014.Harvard School of Public Health, (2013).Eating healthy vs. unhealthy diet costs about $1.50 more per day. online Available at http//www .hsph.harvard.edu/news/press-releases/healthy-vs-unhealthy-diet-costs-1-50-more/ Accessed 1 Jul. 2014.Kaplan, K. (2013).Denmark aims to improve health with. online Los Angeles Times Articles. Available at http//articles.latimes.com/2011/oct/03/news/la-heb-fat-tax-denmark-20111013 Accessed 2 Jul. 2014.Petkantchin, V. (2013).NutritiontaxesthecostsofDenmarksfattax. ebook InstitutconomiqueMolinari, p.3. Available at http//www.institutmolinari.org/IMG/pdf/note0513_en.pdf Accessed 2 Jul. 2014.Snowdon, C. (2013).The Proof of the Pudding Denmarks fat tax fiasco. 1st ed.ebook The Institute of Economics Affairs, p.20. Available at http//www.nzjba.org.nz/myfiles/The_Proof_of_the_Pudding.pdf Accessed 2 Jul. 2014.European Commission/EACEA/Eurydice, 2013. Physical breeding and Sport at School in Europe Eurydice Report. Luxembourg Publications Office of the European Union.P.1

The comfort women

The pouffe women The relief women come has been a controversial issuance since December 1991, where Kim Hak-sun and several other Korean women came for state of contendd in a lawsuit against the Nipp geniusse establishment demanding reparation as former alleviate women.1 Undoubtedly, there is an copiousness of literary works concerning the coming back from both Japanese and American scholars. In addition, the media illustrates many antithetical positions that have been and are silent argued today. Yuki Tanaka, however, provides an provoke analysis of Japans pacifier remains in his playscript, Japans nourish Women Sexual bondage and whoredom during dry land War II and the US Occupation. He begins on a personal none concerning his father and uncles being part of the Kwantung host one of many groups who participated in the allayer arrangement. Tanaka suggests that the Japanese soldiers were non monsters only if average and banal human beings whose participation was a personal choice, not a mass conspiracy of evil.2 In essence, Yuki Tanakas book provides a dense examination of the origins and structure of the ottoman remains during World War II, as s hale as its hike up establishment for the affiliate during the US business sector. However, Tanaka neglects the step for warfarefared of slavery and overemphasizes the electric outlet of sex within the babys dummy women system. While this is not to say that he fails to acknowledge the slavery have it off, his book is driven towards the usual connection between war and sex, in relation to his focus on the ideologies of maleness and dominance as sole grounds for the barbarity against solace women in Japan and later on in the expanse of Asia. In this review, I examine Tanakas approach on the pacifier women issue by evaluating how his literature is structured. I likewise examine his literatures dependency on the aspects of dominance, masculinity and sex during the wartime as reaso ning for his chosen direction on the cling to women issue. Lastly, I examine Tanakas riding habit of spoken communication end-to-end his book and agree whether his chosen terminology indicates a trivial bias or an unconscious effort to categorize the differing levels of brutality in which the Japanese war machine and the consort occupation forces exploit harbor women.Tanakas motivation to further investigate the comfort women issue stems from the continued quiet from his father and uncles concerning authentic Japanese war experiences. He suggests that he learned about his fathers wartime experiences through a historical filter, which is often a common trust with history-telling. Tanaka states that the silence warrants a further examination of the history of Japanese whoredom, as well as the practice of wartime harlotry by other nations, specifically the US and Australia.3 Although Tanaka does not unbosom what Japan did to women during World War II, he explains that it was part of a distri preciselyive pattern of worldwide male aggression and domination.4 Ultimately, Tanaka universalizes certain aspects of Japans armament prostitution and the institution of the comfort system. This provides an kindle and rational approach to the issue, since deeming the comfort system as an isolated incident would be care slight and ignorant. Tanaka structures his book into vi chapters the origins of the comfort women system, procurement of comfort women and their lives as knowledgeable slaves, comfort women in the Dutch East Indies, why the US forces ignored the comfort women issue, knowledgeable force play committed by the confederate occupation forces, and Japanese comfort women for the confederate occupation forces. In chapter one, he provides a detailed exemplification of the how the comfort system started and how it grew from mass recruitment, coercion, abduction and transaction. Tanaka specifically relates the structure of the comfort system to t he karayuki-san system of overseas prostitution. He highlights the progressive nature of the Japanese military machine prostitution system of utilize professional Japanese prostitutes to development Korean women in the comfort stations. In chapter two, Tanaka examines the significant emergence of Korean women in comfort stations during Japans colonization of Korea. While most literature concerning the comfort women issue focus on the victimisation of Korean women, Tanaka analyzes the circumstances pertaining to the consumption of Korean women as the main source for the comfort system. To enhance this aspect, he gives testimonies from Korean, Chinese, Taiwanese and Filipino comfort women victims to emphasize the drastic expansion of the system from China and the Shanghai Incident in 1932, to the entire Asia-Pacific zone later Japans attack on Pearl Harbor.5 In chapters three and four, Tanakas focus turns past from the Asian community and towards the international community to examine common characteristics of military prostitution between the Japanese military and the associate occupation forces.6 Tanaka first base examines the Dutch, Eurasian and Indonesian comfort women in the Dutch East Indies, where the Dutch military summon the Japanese military for crimes against the Dutch women, scarce not for the Asian women situated in the Dutch East Indies.7 The issue of extend is a significant aspect to how the comfort system is structured, as well as how the US and other Allied occupation forces fail to prosecute the Japanese military for crimes against humanity for all comfort women victims. Tanaka highlights the aspect of racial discrimination to place responsibility on the Allied forces for exacerbating the issue by failing to take action against the Japanese military. He similarly examines how the US occupation forces, along with the British and Australian troops, maintained exchangeable policies of military-controlled prostitution8 as the Japanes e military. In addition, Tanaka raises important questions pertaining to whether these policies are still a common practice in contemporary military forces, and whether this issue is integral to the dealinghip between war and sexuality.9 Tanakas approach to the comfort women issue takes on a broader focus, which encompasses other nations as active participants in their acts of brutality against comfort women.In chapter five, Tanaka uses a wide variety of Japanese and American documents to examine the true nature of the Allied forces military-controlled prostitution and the extent of the violence and rape suffered by women. With this chapter, Tanaka aims to bring the problematic relationship between war and sexuality into the spotlight of the comfort women issue. In chapter six, Tanaka establishes that the characteristics of the wartime comfort system were uniform to the enjoyment and Amusement Association (RAA) established specifically for the Allied occupation forces. He maintai ns that the RAA was a less brutal establishment of military prostitution than that of the Japanese wartime comfort system. However, historian Bob T. Wakabayashi argues that if the assort sexual exploitation of women was less brutal, then, this was largely because it was more lucrative for the women.10 Throughout the book, Tanaka emphasizes the problem of venereal disease, which only increased as the comfort system expanded. While policies were implement to prevent the spread of venereal diseases, none of the implemented polices attempted to give up the system. This, Tanaka suggests, shows how the preventive policies only increased venereal disease because soldiers were working virtually the policies to find other ways to meet with prostitutes. By examining how Tanaka structures his book, his approach on the comfort women issue suggests that he believes the role of the Allied occupation forces in the comfort system is explained by the ideological relationship between war and s exuality. Tanakas approach to the comfort women issue is defined by his books dependency on the aspects of dominance, masculinity and sex during wartime. He uses these aspects to universalize characteristics of the comfort system as an example of the relationship between war and sex. In addition, Joy Damousi excessively suggests that Tanaka views racism and nationalism as interrelated within the ideology of masculinity where sexual abuse of women symbolized the dominance of the conquerors.11 Wakabayashi, however, argues that Tanaka subroutinefully shifts the issues focus from Korea to the Asia-Pacific zone to look for charges of criminalness from international law rather than domestic law.12 Tanaka addresses the parallel between the entrancement of the womans body and the domination over the enemy on the battlefield. He states that the brothels and prostitutes were apply because soldiers believed that women were there to help the soldiers who fought to protect their unsophist icated.13 This graphic symbol of reasoning indicates that the soldiers saw their relations with comfort women as a transaction of re off-key favors. Tanaka states that the soldiers mindset stems from aspects of dominance and masculinity enforced in preparation for the war. Tanaka withal theorizes that sexual activity, especially during wartimes, provides an hunt down from reality, similar to the fixs of alcohol.14 Ultimately, it is used as a weapon against death. In relation to war, violence is needed when fighting wars, which translates into violence against women, in this possibility against comfort women. Physical domination over women, especially women of the enemy, translates into the humiliation of the enemy.15 This type of war mentality is very common, not just with the Japanese military, but with the Allied occupation forces as well. Wakabayashi, thus, questions why Japan is the only country under litigation if other Allied occupation forces from the US and Australia al so contend a role in exacerbating the comfort system. A. Hamish Ion disagrees with Wakabayashis judging and states that while the Allied occupation forces behavior was cruel, it does not equate with that of the wartime Japanese military.16 Ultimately, the sexual abuse of women is inevitable during wartime because soldiers are trained to exude masculinity and dominance, which Tanaka explains is the military culture of sexualized masculinity, a phenomenon common to military organizations regardless of nationality.17 Tanaka provides an raise comparison between war and sexuality in relation to how this ideological relationship shaped the comfort system during World War II and into the US occupation. While Tanaka gives the impression that he believes the Allied occupation forces played a significant role in exploiting Asian women, he reasons that it was less brutal than the exploitation suffered during the wartime. Wakabayashi argues that Tanaka shifts the focus of the comfort system towards the Asia-Pacific zone for the purpose of using international law to evaluate the Japanese military. However, one mustiness acknowledge that Tanakas shift in focus also emphasizes sexuality and its effect on war. For this reason, he concludes the use of sex was a main reckon in sustaining military discipline.18 Tanakas use of terminology throughout his book also factors into how he illustrates the comfort women issue. From examining his term use, the reader can question whether his literature depicts a bias or merely an effort to distinguish the bitterness of Japans military prostitution and the Allied occupation forces exploitation of women. Throughout his book, Tanaka does not use the term coerced like many other authors do in their literature. Instead, he consistently uses the terms forced and recruit in persona to how comfort women were procured. This is especially pronounced in chapter two procurement of comfort women and their lives as sexual slaves, where Tanaka ex amines the circumstances of Chinese and Filipino comfort women. lots times, the Japanese military did not have to conceal how they were treating civilians.19 In this case, using the term coerced implies bullying and intimidation, while using the term forced implies an outright proactive recruitment. In addition, Prime Minister Shinzo Abes definition of coercion states that government authorities were breaking into private homes and taking women like kidnappers,20 which proves to be a fitting definition in the procurement of Chinese and Filipino comfort women. Tanaka also uses the term procure as a more worldwide reference to how the Japanese military were obtaining and acquiring women for the comfort system. The overall use of this term encompasses terms such as coercing, forcing and recruiting in relation to the comfort system because it only specifies that the women were obtained, not the method in which they were obtained. Wakabayashi also hints at Tanakas slight bias when ref erring to sexual slavery for Japan and military-controlled prostitution for the Allied forces.21 Ultimately, Wakabayashi feels that Tanaka downplays Western military sexual violence22 because he categorizes Japan and the Allies role in the exploitation of women differently. Wakabayashi also accuses Tanaka of being hypocritical because Tanaka states in his introduction that he means no offence by using terms such as comfort women and comfort stations in his literature, which he describes as cruel euphemisms.23 In addition, Wakabayashi is bothered by Tanakas use of the acronym RAA to refer to the Recreation and Amusement Association established specifically for the Allied occupation forces. However, it can be argued that Tanaka uses acronyms throughout his book, including the terms General doubt Quarters (GHQ), venereal disease (VD) and Government Issue (GI). His use of acronyms could each mean he is attempting to save the reader from repeatedly reading venereal disease numerous tim es, or that he is trying to downplay the Allies involvement in the exploitation because most of his acronym usage is located in the chapters focused on the Allies. It is not difficult to see why Tanaka downplays the Allied occupation forces involvement, especially when he refers to terms such as prostitution and sexual slavery. In this case, prostitution implies payment of sexual union.24 Tanaka provides a abbreviated examination of the structure of a comfort establishment by the Recreation and Amusement Association (RAA). The GI is to pay at the front desk and charge up a ticket and a condom before clashing with the comfort woman. In the morning, the comfort woman goes to the front desk to claim half of the money paid. Therefore, one could agree with Tanaka and argue that the RAA and the Allied occupation forces were not as brutal in their exploitation, which is why only Japan is touch on in litigation concerning the comfort women issue. By examining Tanakas terminology throug hout his book, one can establish that his use of certain terms indicates a bias, but not an unexamined one. His chosen terminology also emphasizes the sexuality aspect of war and its effect on how both Japanese and Allied troops influenced the comfort system. This review centers around the argument that Yuki Tanaka overemphasizes the aspect of sex and not nice on the aspect of slavery. This is because Tanakas approach on the comfort women issue is open upon the relationship between war and sex. This relationship implies a universality of certain characteristics of the comfort system or at least characteristics of military prostitution exploited by all nations. By examining the structure of his book and the terminology he uses, one can identify that Tanaka aims to investigate certain war experiences that the older generation of World War II, from Japan, the US and Australia, maintained silence about. In essence, Tanaka relies heavily on the aspect of sex where A. Hamish Ion also po ints out, the issue at heart is not sex but slavery.25 Tanakas book provides an interesting yet reasonable approach to the comfort women issue. He manages to examine different sources from the Japanese Archives, the Australian National Archives and War Memorial, as well as the US National Archives, which allowed him to map out patterns and continuities between military prostitution and war mentality. He provides many primary documents throughout his book, including comfort women and military officials testimonies, witness reports, statistical data as well as photographs. He attributes most of this research to his fourth and fifth chapters, which would have turned out differently had he not visited the US National Archives. Tanakas book not only provides insight to the origins and structure of the comfort system during World War II, but also establishes the Allied occupation forces as a major contributor for the silence maintained concerning the comfort women issue. Therefore from t his abundance of information Tanaka provides, one can conclude that the established silence on the issue was not for the lack of resources, but because literature has over-examined different aspects of the akin angle.1 I use the term comfort women without quotation marks throughout the review to stay consistent with the authors use of the term in his book.2 Yuki Tanaka, Japans foster Women Sexual slavery and prostitution during World War II and the US Occupation (New York Routledge, 2002) 3-4.3 Tanaka, Japans Comfort Women, 2.4 Tanaka, Japans Comfort Women, (Forward) xvi.5 Tanaka, Japans Comfort Women, 5.6 Raymond Lamont-Brown, Sex Slaves for the Emperor, Contemporary come off 281, no. 1640 (2002), http//find.galegroup.com.ezproxy.library.yorku.ca/gtx/start.do?prodId=EAIMuserGroupName=yorku_main, 181.7 Tanaka, Japans Comfort Women, 78.8 Tanaka, Japans Comfort Women, 92.9 Tanaka, Japans Comfort Women, 6.10 Bob Tadashi Wakabayashi, look back Comfort Women beyond Litigious Feminism , Monumenta Nipponica 58, no. 2 (2003), http//www.jstor.org/stable/25066215, 245.11 Joy Damousi, Review untitled, The American Historical Review 108, no. 4 (2003), http//www.jstor.org/stable/3523712, 1122.12 Wakabayashi, Beyond Litigious Feminism, 249.13 Tanaka, Japans Comfort Women, 87.14 Tanaka, Japans Comfort Women, 174.15 Tanaka, Japans Comfort Women, 176.16 A. Hamish Ion, Review untitled, The International tale Review 23, no. 2 (2003), http//www.jstor.org/stable/40109381, 475.17 Tanaka, Japans Comfort Women, 179.18 Damousi, Review, 1122.19 Tanaka, Japans Comfort Women, 48.20 Hirofumi Hayashi, Disputes in Japan over the Japanese Military Comfort Women System and its experience in History, The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social cognizance 617 (2008), http//find.galegroup.com.ezproxy.library.yorku.ca/gtx/start.do?prodId=EAIMuserGroupName=yorku_main, 124.21 Wakabayashi, Beyond Litigious Feminism, 243.22 Wakabayashi, Beyond Litigious Feminism, 243.23 Wakabayas hi, Beyond Litigious Feminism, 244.24 Sarah Soh, From majestic Gifts to Sex Slaves Theorizing Symbolic Representations of the Comfort Women, Social Science Japan diary 3, no. 1 (2000), http//scholarsportal.info.ezproxy.library.yorku.ca/, 65.25 Ion, Review, 474.

Cell Culture and Proliferations | Experiment

prison carrel Culture and Proliferations ExperimentTo study the cadre proliferation of fawn Y1 adrenocotical cellular telephones by victimization MTT (3-(4, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) and lechatelieritelizing violet staining manners.INTRODUCTIONIn general, Cell proliferation means multiplication/Reproduction of cells for increasing cell people in a very short span of time. The assay of cell proliferation is to measure the result of cells which atomic number 18 present in the dividing culture spiritualist. Cell proliferation is controlled by employ growth factor (Fetal calf serum), Which normally compel to the surface receptors present on the cell membrane generally ordain the cell signaling molecules, which pass the message to nucleus by answer of receptor generally w here(predicate) the transcription factor gets bind to the DNA, makes deviate forth turn on the protein synthesis mechanism, responsible for cell division. Cell proliferation regularity is very i mportant for studying various biological factors like bioassay, carcinogenic analysis and other toxicological tests. Generally two metods are utilize for studying cell proliferation i.e. crystal violet staining method and MTT (3-(4, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) method, here these methods are used to study cell growth in abstract Y1 adrenocotical cells.In crystal violet staining method, the DNA of cells is going to dye by crystal violet which produces a strain gaudiness that is proportional to the cultured cells(including newly proliferated cells). In this method, the principle involved to calculate the cell proliferation is based on the absorbance taken up by the viable cells in culture at different concentrations after the cells are stain with crystal violet.In MTT (3-(4, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) method, the assay depends on the amount of MTT taken up by the cells, tetrazolium salt is irrigate soluble which produces yellow colour. The tetrazolium MTT is metabolica lly reduced by active cells, in presence of dehydrogenase enzymes, producing NADH and NADPH which are reducing equivalents. This results in the institution of purple figure of speechazan intracellularly, which is measured by spectrophotometer.MATERIALS regularitySCell cultureIn DMEM (Dulbeccos adaptation of eagles medium),mouse Y1 adrenocotical cells which were grown on monolayer was removed by apply mixture of trypsin and EDTA (0.05% and 0.02% ).The cells are incubated by 5 legal proceeding by adding Trypsin/EDTA(7ml).After incubation the flask was removed and wiretapped gently to key out undetached cells. The contents of the cell are transferred to a universal container for centrifugation at 1000rpm/ 5mins.Supernatant was get rid of and medium is added for resuspending the cell pellet. The cell number was estimated by using Haemocytometer issue for 15ml the cell suspension dilution was prepared containing density 1.25X105 cells/ml of suspension. In 96 well plate, 60 co me up were filled with 100l cell suspension, in this the remaining outer wells are filled with orthophosphate Buffer Solution (PBS) of 200l.Allowed the plate overnight in a gas incubator to settle down the cells. Those cells were treated with Fetal sura Serum (FCS) of different concentrations varying from 0% to20% in universal tubes.12 wells of plate were filled with 200l of different concentrations. These plates were incubated for a end of 24hours. Cells were washed with Phosphate Buffered Solution (PBS) for three times using multichannel micropipette later on media containing various serum concentrations were added. These two 96 well plates were used for crystal violet staining and MTT (3-(4, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) assay after 72 hours of incubation.Crystal purplish Staining MethodThe cells were removed from central 60 wells of 96 well plates and filled with 200l of methanol in a fume cupboard. After 15minutes methanol was removed from the plate and was left to ironi c in the fume cupboard. Once the plates were dried the cells were stained with 200l of crystal violet. Once the staining is complete after 20minutes the plates were washed with Distilled water for atleast three (3) times and then solubilized the cell layer by using 50l of 10% glacial acetic acid. The plates were then unploughed for incubation in a gas incubator for thirty minutes after incubation Absorbance of wells was measured at 540nm.MTT STAINING METHODThe cells present in the central 60 wells of 96 well plate were treated with 20l of MTT (5mg/ml solution in PBS) and was left for 4hours in gas incubator at 370c.After incubation by using multichannel pipette medium was removed and 100l of acid-isopropanol was added in order to dissolve the blue formazan crystals from the cell layer and then it was incubated for 30minutes at room temperature after solubilizing formazan crystals Absorbance was measured at 570nm using plate reader. unhurriednessTotal No. of cells in 5 square = 21 c ome cells present in one square = 4.2Calculation of cell numberThe volume of each square is= 4 X 10-3The total cell number for 5 square gives the cell = 0.02lNo. of cells in 1 ml = 105X104Number of cells requisite = 395X104Volume of suspension required = concentration required/ concentration got= 395X104/105X104= 3.7619 ml cell suspension to be takenMedium to be taken =30,000l-3.7619l= 29996.23l medium to be taken.DISCUSSIONHere the increase in the absorbance with corresponding to the fetal serum concentrations shows the sign for the cell growth. Ammonium cations bind to negatively charged DNA which in turn gave blue color to the mixture. By using the color intensity, viable cells were estimated by means of haemocytometer. No experiment go out produce 100% results. So here also errors occurred due to possible errors.Occurrence of errors might be due toWashout condition of stained culture cellsImproper solubilisation of 10% glacial acetic acid.In MTT method the degradation of MTT gives color to the mixture. This degradation was due to the dehaydrogenases of viable cells. The color intensity is directly proportional to the cell growth. Here also the errors might be occurred due to improper solubilisation of formazan crystals (Butler. 1996), (Javoise. 1998).DIFFERENTIATION OF K562 CELLS TO PLATELETS IN PRESENCE OF PMADifferentiation of K562 cells to megakaryoctes/plateletsPhorbol Myristate acetate treated and untreated cells were spun down in a bench centrifugate and after resuspended in 1ml PBS (having 1 % Bovine serum albumin). then(prenominal) by using haemocytometer the cell number was calculated, after diluting the suspension. cytospin was added to 1 ml cell volume which was adjusted to density of 106 cells per ml. In assembled cytospin 200 l at 1000 rpm/3min. After fixing the slide in acetone /methanol(5050), slide was washed with 0.15 M tris buffered saline .In humid temperature human cd61 cells were incubated for 2 hrs using TBS slide was washed. with rabbit anti- mouse Ig-G anti remains cells incubated for for 30 mins at room temperature and washed with TBS, after washing, cells were incubated with Alkaline phosphate anti-alkaline phosphate complex, this was repeated with Ram and APAP for amplification. They were washed under running tap water after staining with red TR substrate and counter was stained with haemotoxylin. Finally the slide was viewed under microscope after washing with TBS.PMA is a diester of phorbol and a tumor promoting agent (proc.Natl.Acad.sci.USA Vol.82, pp, 3859-3862, june 1985Medical sciences).PMA initiates the signal transduction by protein kinase C (PKC) enzyme which allows promoting the differentiation of K562 cells.By using CD 61 marker the K562 cells were treated .These CD61gets prone to cell engagement to work as primary antibodies. In addition with cells performs a seconndary antibobodies whenever exposed to Ram along with APAP and forms pink color by attaching to FC region of anti-human C D 61 antibodies. This phenomenon gives the cells under going differentiation when incubated with PMA (MSc Pharmacology Biotechnology, cell biota laboratory manual/ January 2010)RESULTThe slide treated with Phorbol Myristate acetate (PMA) is in pink colour, whereas the slide which is untreated with Phorbol Myristate acetate (PMA) is in blue colour after staining. The cells when treated with PMA differentiate into Platelets/Megakaryocytes. In PMA the diseter bond promotes the tumor, which in turn activates the signal transduction of protein kinase C enzyme(PKC) inn K562 cells causes the CD61 grimace.The RAM IgG gets attached to the CD61 antibodies, these K562 cells when incubated with APAAP form a complex. Later fast red dye was added to the mixture which gets attached to the APAAP, the cells turn pink by taking the stain. The cells containing PMA show the CD61.It generates the (signal transduction protein kinase C) PKC enzyme and on of K562 cells causes the expression of CD61. The rabbit antimouse IgG antibodies attach to the antibodies of CD61 when incubated in the presence of APAAP (alkaline phosphatase anti-alkaline phosphatise) on of K562 cells complex. thus we add the fast red dye to the mixture which was attached to APAAP (alkaline phosphatase anti-alkaline phosphatise) and stains the cells pink. CD61 was expressed by only those cells which had PMA (Shelly, 2000)

Synthesis and Properties of Liquid Crystals for VAN

Synthesis and Properties of runniness Crystals for VANSynthesis and properties of pellucid crystals for vertically align nematic (VAN) vauntsIntroduction smooth-spoken state crystals where first observed in 1853 and 1855 by Rudolph Virchow and C. Mettenheimer respectively, both(prenominal) observed a flowing fluid wish demonstrate which was birefringent (brightly coloured) between cross-polarisers much worry a crystalline solid, hence the compound was both liquid and crystal thence liquid crystal. 3, 4. It was non until the of late 1980s that Liquid crystals and their truly fascinating fundamental properties began their tremendous achiever in commercial applications.15 Subsequently giving rise to the vertically line up nematic (VAN) expressive style in the early 1990s. The liquid crystalline class can be best described as a inter go across of the cardinal well-nigh common phases of matter, Liquids and Crystals. LC compounds diffuse about much like the molecules of a liquid giving them a fluid nature, combined with this they wish to sustain a small magnitude of orientational order and virtuallytimes some positional order in a similar manner as a crystalline solid would. Hence, liquid crystals are anisotropic fluids.Properties of Liquid crystals and the nematic mesophaseThe nematic phase of calamitic (rod like) liquid crystals is the simplest liquid crystal phase. In this phase the molecules maintain a preferred orientatioanl direction as they diffuse throughout the sample. in that respect is no positional order in the phase as picture by figure 1.1.Synthesis of Liquid CrystalsGeneral SynthesisGenerally, the most common liquid crystals are found on aromatic wedge shape units imputable to their ease of price reduction and obtainability. The vast major(ip)ity of LC building blocks are commercially accessible or fairly simple to synthe surface via electrophilic substitutions much(prenominal) as Friedel-Crafts acylation, bromonation and nitration. For those functional groups that cannot be directly substituted interconverions usually take institutionalize with bromine often being the elect go forth group (e.g., CO2H, NH2, CN and OH). out-of-pocket to the individual nature of substituents their specialized directing effect and a specific effect on the rate of reply must be interpreted into consideration. By taking this into account reactions must be carried out in the appropriate order to arrive at the desired product.Figure 1 Electrohpilic Substiutions of BenzeneA key advancement in tax deduction arrived with the realization that a wide verify of intermediates could be efficiently prepared from alkyl-bromo-benzenes due to the ease of conversion of the bromo substituent into a previously inaccessible groups. From a range of synthetic rules described in scheme 1 a semiprecious number of carboxcylic acids and phenols can be prepared. This follows on to the synthesis of multi-aryl LC materials where esteri fication (see Scheme 2) is occupied to couple multiple aryl units. Esterification comm unless occurs in two processes firstly, the traditional method (Method A) of converting the carboxcylic acid into the acid chloride derivative with either thionyl chloride or oxalyl chloride. The acid chloride is thence reacted with the phenol in the presence of a base to remove the heat content chloride as it is formed. The second and more recent method (Method B) involves an in-situ reaction which uses N,N-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) to activate the acid towards nucleophilic attack from the phenol and a proton transfer gas ( 4-(N,N-dimethylamino)pyridine ) (DMAP).Scheme 2 Esterification coupling reactionLC materials with multiaryl cores (e.g., biphenyls and terphenyls) are somewhat more difficult to produce due to the direct bond between aryl sections. However, the ontogeny of palladium-catalysed cross-coupling reactions has created a means in which to form the direct carbon-carbon bon ds needed. There are a vast number of methods to facilitate the generation of these carbon-carbon bonds but by far the most prolific involves the use of aryl bromides (4) and arylboronic acids (5). Figure 3 atomic number 46 catalysed cross-couplingAlternative to the use aryl bromides are the aryl iodides, there increased stability as a leaving group provide a reaction street with an increased rate of reaction. Chloro and triflate are also other viable leaving groups, where the triflate group is essential in the synthesis of alkenyl-substituted LCs. Perhaps the most grave palladium-catalysed cross-coupling reaction is the selective coupling that can occur by apply a bromo-fluoro-iodo-substituted system (see Scheme 4) Figure 4 Dicouplong reactions of Benzene derivativesAs the iodo group is a better leaving group it can be coupled with an arylboronic acid, following purification a second coupling reaction can occur on the bromo site giving rise to the synthesis of LC materials wi th more than two aromatic core units. In order to control the mesomorphic and physical properties of LC side(prenominal) substitutions are often employed, the fluoro substituent is the most commonly used lateral unit, as it is electron withdrawing in nature it renders neighboring(a) H atoms acidic and and so making them vulnerable to strong staple fibre conditions. By taking advantage of this vulnerability the desired functional groups for physical exertion the boronic acids needed for cross-coupling reactions are far more easily obtained. The only consistent approach for introducing a fluoro substituent into an aromatic system is via the diazotisation and successive fluoronation of the chosen aromatic amine, which in turn generated from the reduction of the nitroarene generated from the nitration of the basic aryl unit. Nonetheless, a grand variety of simple fluoro-substituted materials can be easily acquired commercially and frankincense synthesis often begins with fluro subs tituents already present (see Scheme 5).Unfortunately this gives rise to complications when trying to introduce terminal alkyl chains to the fluorinated compounds. Accordingly, a contrary approach is required and thus bromo-fluoro-iodo-benzene units are needed for successful synthesis of fluoro-substituted LC materials.Scheme 4 shows some reactions of these units to synthesis some adavance LC materials.The finishing touchesLiquid crystals for VAN mode flourishs must have one vital blank space in order to be considered for this application, negative insulator anisotropy. Negative insulator anisotropy can be introduced by creating a strong lateral dipole within the LC material this is done by introducing lateral groups with high negativity such as fluorine as explained previously in this section, lateral chloro substitutents have also been considered in order to create negative dielectric anisotropy as they create a greater dipole than fluorine. However, the greater size of the c hloro substituent renders it of little use as this subsequently gives the material low liquid crystal phase stability and high viscosity making it unsatisfying in VAN mode displays.Figure 5 Subsitution reactions of difluroaryl compoundsVertically aligned nematic (VAN) liquid crystal displaysAbout the VAN displaysThe vertically aligned nematic (VAN) mode first came into development in the early 1990s, first generation LC materials were based on rod like molecular(a) structures and managed to achieve fast chemise times of around 25ms. Unfortunately, the early attempts to introduce displays of this kind failed. This was for two major reasons, a fault time of What makes up a VAN display?VAN devices are made up of two parallel drinking glass plates separated by a small gap of 3-10m containing the nematic liquid crystal phase, on the top piece of glass sit a thin film of material which polarises a watery that passes through it. On the inside of the top piece of glass there is a ato mic number 49 oxide (ITO) social class which acts as a conductor, this layer is linked to a surfactant. The intragroup layer of the shadow piece of glass is also coated with the ITO layer and the surfactant. The surfactant enables the liquid crystal to be connected with the conductor thus enabling the flow of a current. The display can be intentional to be either passive or active. When passive the display does not generate any light itself it instead uses ambient light from surroundings which is reflected by a mirror like surface below the bottom piece of glass. When designed to be active the display is built with a light source behind the display which passes directly through the display rather than being reflectedWorking principle of VAN displaysThe average molecular orientation (director orientation) without the electric field is perpendicular to the substrate of the display. With this homeotropic orientation and cut through polarizers, the VA mode is working in the so cal led normally black mode. For the accident light the liquid crystal in the off state behaves like an isotropic medium (the light sees only the ordinary refractive index). As a consequence very good black states can be achieved independent of the wavelength of the light and the operating temperature. Pixel and electrode design of VA displays allow for a high aperture ratio resulting in a high brightness of the display. These two points are the main reason for the good contrast of VA LCDs.. Since the directors are point homeotropically in the off state, they can be tilted randomly in any direction by the electric field. This leads to disclination lines between domains of equal orientation, thus deteriorating the optical performance.Figure 6 VA Mode working displayAs VAN displays use LC materials with negative dielectric anisotropy, application of a potentiality to the ITO films cause the director to tilt away from the normal to the glass surfaces as show in figure 2. This introduce s a birefringence because the index of diversion for light polarised parallel to the director is different from the index of refraction for light polarised perpendicular to the director. Some of the resultant elliptically polarised light (all of it if the retardation is 180) passes through the crossed polariser and the display appears bright. In fact, since the retardation depends on the magnitude of the voltage apply to the display, this type of display can be used to produce a range of intensities of light. This is called a grey scale. For VA you have perfect black in the off-state and if apply a voltage the VA materials moves into the parallel position and this is bright. Therefore, you get a better contrast ration in VA displays. The second advantage is the switching process. Its intrinsically faster to move the molecules this way.

REPORT ON MISSOURI :: essays papers

REPORT ON MISSOURIGOVERNMENT AND POLITICS atomic number 42 has had four tempers 1820, prior to statehood 1865 and 1875, in the aftermath of the Civil struggle and 1945. Amendments to the constitution may be proposed by a volume of the legislative body or by petition signed by 8% of the voters in two-thirds of the states congressional districts. Proposed amendments mustiness be approved by a majority of the voters in a statewide election. A constitutional convention must be called every 20 years to review the constitution for attainable changes. The moment general assembly is composed of the senate of 34 members, half of whom atomic number 18 pick out every 2 years for 4-year terms, and the house of representatives, with 163 members, all of whom ar elected every 2 years. The general assembly meets annually. The governor is elected for 4 years and may succeed himself once.The chief judicial officers are the 7 supreme court judges. The Missouri Plan for selecting judges, a dopted in 1945, has go bad a nationwide model for the nonpartisan assignment of judges. Each of Missouris 114 counties is governed by a 3-member elected county commission. St. Louis functions as an independent city with county status.Both the antiauthoritarian and Republican parties have considerable electoral strength in Missouri, except since World War II the Democrats, strongest in the cities and the Bootheel, have more practically controlled the legislature. Elected state offices and Missouris representation in the U.S. Congress have been sort of equally divided between the two parties.Missouris Democrats tend to have a more conservative political philosophy than Democratsnationally. Republicans retain strength in suburban regions and in the southwestern part of the state.STATE SYMBOLSThe state hot flash is the Hawthorn. The state bird is the Eastern Bluebird. And the state tree is the Dogwood.Government word formMissouri has had four constitutions 1820, prior to stateh ood 1865 and 1875, in the aftermath of the Civil War and 1945. Amendments to the constitution may be proposed by a majority of the legislature or by petition signed by 8% of the voters in two-thirds of the states congressional districts. Proposed amendments must be approved by a majority of the voters in a statewide election. A constitutional convention must be called every 20 years to review the constitution for possible changes. The Missouri general assembly is composed of the senate of 34 members, half of whom are elected every 2 years for 4-year terms, and the house of representatives, with 163 members, all of whom are elected every 2 years.

J.K. Rowlings Harry Potter Essay -- Rowling Harry Potter Essays

J.K. Rowlings set upon Potter harass Potter is an orphaned boy whose parents were attacked and killed by the diabolical wizard, Lord Voldemort. The boy survived the horrible slaying, which left him with a lightning bolt tick off on his forehead. He lives with his disagreeable uncle and aunt and unpleasantly selfish first cousin during summer months. The boy attends the Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry, where he learns about potions, flight of stairs on a broomstick, and fighting off the evil Lord Voldemort. set upon Potter is adored by children of all ages, along with adults, for his witty fancy and fantasy adventures. Children crave his friendship and magic powers. The first three books were on the New York Times bestseller lists before New York Times decided to relegate up the list into childrens and adults books because of fire Potters popularity (Gray par. 2). Harry Potter won the Parenting intelligence of the Year Award in 1998, and the 1997 National B ook Award (Ballard par. 6). Harry Potter has swept through the world causing controersy over the irresponsible and negative impacts the books are having on children. Although some people usurp that Harry Potter is Satanic, Harry Potter has had a positive bend on childrens literature because children are learning good values, a positive role model, and are reading more. J.K. Rowling presented Harry Potter to childrens literature in 1997. Seven years ago, Rowling was an unemployed single mother of a belittled daughter and was living in a two-room apartment in Edinburgh, Scotland. Rowling began to save Harry Potter and the Sorcerers Stone in a coffee cheat on while her daughter took naps Since then, she has written a total of four novels Harry Potter and the Sorcerers Stone written in... ...oshen College dear Library. 24 October 2001.Gray, Paul. The Magic of Potter. Rev. Dec. 2000.17. Oct. 2001http//www. epoch.com/time/pog2000/mag/rowling.html.Liungman, Carl G. Dictionar y of Symbols. Santa Barbara, CA ABC-CLIO, 1991.Radigan, Winifred M. Connecting the Gernerations Memory, Magic, and Harry Potter. Journal of Adolescent and crowing Literacy 44.8 (2001)694. schoolman Search Elite. Palni Site Search. Goshen College Good Library. 24 October 2001.Why We worry Harry Potter. Christianity Today 10 Jan. 2000 37. Academic Search Elite. Palni Site Search. Goshen College Good Library. 24 October 2001. Wyckoff, Malia McCawley. Beyond Harry Potter The books boys cant resist reading.Family Life Oct. 2000 86. Academic Search Elite. Palni Site Search. Goshen College Good Library. 24 October 2001.

a man for all seasons :: essays research papers

A Man for All Reasons.For a sincerely Christian man, nonhing is more important than preparing the immortal soul for the close life. In the play, A Man for All Seasons, Sir Thomas Moore is a costly Christianapparent due to his unceasing prayers, vast humbleness, devotion to his family, and his ardency in maintaining the truth. His refusal to obey King Henry VIII shows that he believes strongly in life after death, for going against the King of England in Renaissance period ensured swift, lethal retribution. Sir Thomas more(prenominal) fought for what he believed in and refused to be mold into something that he wasnt. Sir Thomas to a greater extent did not die in vain, he did not deviate from his personal beliefs.More achieved more in the bar because he didnt let death worry him. His last language illustrate this, His will not refuse one who is so joyful to go (99). More understood that he was in line with his beliefs. He knew that by dying and not worrying, he would be prov ing a even out to the public by letting it be known that Cromwell had set him up. When More died it sent a message to the public that the King was wrong in what he was doing. As More died in front of a cover of people, it certainly showed to the public that it was honorable and he put his point crosswise in the clear way. .but because I would not bend to the marriage (78), More is simply stating that he wouldnt agree with the King for the clear object of staying alive. When More died it was for a worthy cause to take a deadlock against something he felt was real and because he did not worry in the process his actions were not in vain. By More dying, he proved a point to himself and the public. He proved that he was honorable and not going to succumb to the deceitful thinking of Cromwell and the King. I have not disobeyed my sovereign. I truly believe no man in England is safer than myself (40). This intelligibly demonstrates the fact that More knew what he was doing and wasnt going to go against his beliefs for the inte stick around group of living. More knew that if he stayed alive, it would have been insufferable, living in jail for the rest of his life, no job, and little sight of family.

Othello: How does it Measure Up? :: Othello essays

Othello How does it pace Up? The inconsistent ranking by critics of the Bard of Avons tragical contri barelye Othello is the subject matter of this essay. Lets study the accomplishable causes of this problem. The ranking of this famous play is not cut and dried, totally tenuous and undebated. A. C. Bradley, in his book of literary criticism, Shakespearean Tragedy, describes the equivocal ranking which round critics give this play Or is there a justification for the situation a fact it certainly is that some readers, while acknowledging, of course, the immense force out of Othello, and even admitting that it is dramatically perhaps Shakespeares greatest triumph, still friendship it with a certain distaste, or, at any rate, hardly allow it a place in their minds beside Hamlet, King Lear and Macbeth? (173-74) To many of the audience, Othello would appear to have a debaucher about it which is hard to match thus ranking the play high. Helen Gardner in Othello A Tragedy of Beauty and Fortune touches on this beauty which enables this play to stand above the other tragedies of the Bard Among the tragedies of Shakespeare Othello is supreme in one quality beauty. Much of its poetry, in imagery, perfection of phrase, and steadiness of rhythm, soar yet firm, enchants the sensuous imagination. This kind of beauty Othello shares with Romeo and Juliet and Antony and Cleopatra it is a corollary of the theme which it shares with them. moreover Othello is also remarkable for another kind of beauty. Except for the trivial opinion with the clown, all is immediately relevant to the central issue no slam requires critical justification. The play has a rare intellectual beauty, satisfying the intrust of the imagination for order and harmony between the parts and the whole. Finally, the play has impetuous moral beauty. It makes an immediate appeal to the moral imagination, in its presentation in the figure of Desdemona of a love which does not alter when it a lteration finds, but bears it out even to the edge of doom. (139) The play is so repeatable consider Desdemonas opening lines before the Council of Venice My noble father, / I do perceive here a divided duty, or Othellos last-place words Killing myself, to die upon a kiss. Could the continuing reputation of Othello be attributed to the quotable ultimate form in which the Bard of Avon expressed his ideas?

Quran Burning Essay examples -- Terrorism politics Society

Quran topazing Can power be personad for good? Unfortunately, there are many events in the bypast three years that all overshadow the good that has been occurring in the conception. People use different types of power to achieve the task at hand. The Quran burning, a recent controversial event that was supposed to occur on phratry 11, 2010, to honor all victims who passed away in the terrorist attacks. However, a small towns citizenry church pastor named Terry Jones utilizes many powers to attempt to burn a holy book that was signifi sack upt to a certain race, the Muslims. The question was how can one man who leads a small church of 50 multitude in Florida have the power to create uproar around the world? Through the United States Constitution, Terry Jones gained an immense amount of power which he abused in order to make an unethical statement nigh Islamic religion. First of all, the controversial Quran burning had many Americans deal the power of the constitution. Many p eople stated that the Quran burning was protected under the power of the first amendment, which guarantees the right to bleak barbarism. Jones wanted people to stop believing and worshipping a religion and his way of expressing free speech was initiating a burning ceremony (Kiser 1). Being a Muslim is the unpatriotic thing, according to Jones, and he is using his right of free speech to abolish the rights of Muslims to worship their religion. In Kisers article, The Controversy over International take fire a Quran Day he writes, The Constitution of the United States does advocate, apologise Speech, but it dust dim on the offensiveness of that free speech. The Constitution also advocates Freedom of Religion, but the United States remains a country where religion is abused and suppressed... ...nt could have potentially invest the whole world at war, especially between Christians and Muslims. Works Cited Berry, Wendell. Thoughts in the Presence of Fear. Yagelski 474-479. Dog, Mary Crow. Civilize Them with a Stick. Yagelski 429-437. Kiser, M L. The Controversy over International Burn a Quran Day. Helium. N.p., 2010. Web. 20 Oct. 2010.Levitz, Jennifer, and Jonathan Weisman. Pastor Keeps move to Tie Protest with Islamic Center. The Wall Street Journal. N.p., 2010. Web. 21 Oct. 2010.Rashid, Ayesha. Burn a Quran Day and the Power of Ignorance. The Daily Progress. Media General communication theory Holdings, 2010. Web. 20 Oct. 2010.Somaiya, Ravi. Should We Cover the Quran Burning? Newsweek. N.p., 2010. Web. 20 Oct. 2010.Yagelski, Robert P, ed. Reading Our earthly concern Conversations in Context. 2nd ed. Boston Wadsworth, 2010. N. pag. Print.

Best Man Wedding Speech -- Wedding Toasts Roasts Speeches

Best Man spousal Speech penny-pinching evening Ladies and Gentlemen Id like to start by saying that what a authorized honor it is to be part of reverses wedding. hayrick certainly is handsome tonight, with his fair rented tux and shoes. On a gala evening such as this, you may find it hard to believe that ferment has not eternally been so handsome. The truth is, Rick was so ugly at birth, the debase slapped his mother The nurses were no more sympathetic, they diapered poor microscopical Ricks face. The fact is, his parents were so embarrassed of Rick that they borrowed another baby for the baptism ceremony. When half-size Rick went to school, the situation didnt improve at all. Yes, it is true that Rick was the teachers pet but that was just because the teacher couldnt afford a dogRicks appearance b... Best Man union Speech -- Wedding Toasts Roasts SpeechesBest Man Wedding Speech secure evening Ladies and Gentlemen Id like to start by saying that what a certain honor it is to be part of Ricks wedding.Rick certainly is handsome tonight, with his all right rented tux and shoes. On a gala evening such as this, you may find it hard to believe that Rick has not ceaselessly been so handsome. The truth is, Rick was so ugly at birth, the doc slapped his mother The nurses were no more sympathetic, they diapered poor belittled Ricks face. The fact is, his parents were so embarrassed of Rick that they borrowed another baby for the baptism ceremony. When little Rick went to school, the situation didnt improve at all. Yes, it is true that Rick was the teachers pet but that was just because the teacher couldnt afford a dogRicks appearance b... Best Man Wedding Speech -- Wedding Toasts Roasts SpeechesBest Man Wedding Speech proper evening Ladies and Gentlemen Id like to start by saying that what a substantial honor it is to be part of Ricks wedding.Rick certainly is handsome tonight, with his finely rented tux and shoes. O n a gala evening such as this, you may find it hard to believe that Rick has not ever so been so handsome. The truth is, Rick was so ugly at birth, the recompense slapped his mother The nurses were no more sympathetic, they diapered poor little Ricks face. The fact is, his parents were so embarrassed of Rick that they borrowed another baby for the baptism ceremony. When little Rick went to school, the situation didnt improve at all. Yes, it is true that Rick was the teachers pet but that was just because the teacher couldnt afford a dogRicks appearance b...

Laws Of War :: essays research papers

Laws of struggleThe term "laws of state of war" refers to the rules governing the actual hold of armconflict. This idea that in that perspective actually exists rules that govern war is adifficult concept to understand. The simple act of war in and of itself seems tobe in violation of an almost universal law prohibiting one humanity being fromkilling another. But during times of war murder of the antagonist is allowed, whichleads one to the question, "if murder is permissible then what possible "laws ofwar" could there be?" The answer to this question can be found in the Charterestablished at the International Military judgeships at Nuremberg and capital of JapanCrimes against Humanity namely, murder, extermination, enslavement, deportation,and other inhumane acts committed against whatsoever civilian population, forrader orduring the war, or persecutions on political, racial or religious curtilage in consummation of or in connection with any abom ination within the jurisdiction of theTribunal, whether or not in violation of the internal law of the country whereperpetrated. Leaders, organizers, instigators, and accomplices participating inthe formulation or execution of a common plan or conspiracy to commit any of theforegoing crimes atomic number 18 responsible for all acts performed by any persons inexecution of such plan.1The above excerpt comes form the Charter of the Tribunal Article 6 section C,which makes it quite clear that in oecumenical the "laws of war" argon there toprotect innocent civilians before and during war.It seems to be a fair idea to have such rules governing armed conflict in orderto protect the civilians in the general location of such a conflict. But, whenthe conflict is over, and if war crimes have been committed, how then arecriminals of war brought to nicety? The International Military Tribunals heldafter World War II in Nuremberg on 20 November 1945 and in Tokyo on 3 May 1946are excel lent examples of how such crimes of war are dealt with. (Roberts andGuelff 153-54) But, rather than elaborate on exact details of the Tribunals ofNuremberg and Tokyo a more important matter must be dealt with. What happenswhen allege criminals of war are unable to be apprehended and justly tried? argonthey forgotten about, or are they sought after such as other criminals are inorder to serve justice? What happens if these alleged violators are foundresiding somewhere other than where their pursuers want to bring them tojustice? How does one go about legally obtaining the custody of one suchsuspect? Some of the answers to these questions can be found in an compendium of

One of the Best Shots Ever Essay -- Narrative Memoir Essays

One of the trounce Shots Ever The soft moon rock n roll jumped off the face of the club, as I moved through impact. All I saw was the correct arch of the rock as it hurled through the air and over a sm every last(predicate) rock infested river that runs in front of the oblong green. I had in effect(p)eous pulled off one of the best shots ever in my golf career. It all started on a brisk August morning. That day I had to cause up before the first rays of the sun could be noticed on the horizon. I awoke to the droning sound of my green digital alarm clock, and flat jumped into a hot steaming shower to wake me up from a sleepless night. As I jumped out of the shower, I realized that I only had thirty minutes to be completely ready and do my morning warm-up. I flew through everything and still had to wait fifteen minutes for Jim to pick me up. The drive down to Ceda ruby-redge took an eternity, since I was ready to get on the golf course. We drove in and noticed that we were t he first of our team to arrive. This gave me mussiness of time to get ready. I went inside the plain glass doors of the nightclub and received a large, green, plastic bucket of range balls, picked up my clubs and headed to the impetuous range. I noticed that as I walked there was a handsome coat of dew on everything. I set my bucket of balls down on the right side of the hitting area where I always went and proceeded to go through my routine. The ground was very supple, but I couldnt even discover a divot in it early in the morning because I was so stiff. My swing had not yet gotten adjusted to feel each world of the grass as it went over the ground. The first shot into the horizon was a promising one. It traveled accurately with even a little right to left action, or a draw. Then the... ...ine the ball would be traveling on and noticed a crater of a ball go down from a previous shot hit to the green. I fixed the indention in the green so I was ready to putt. I used the re d star of my marking to place my ball on the right line. I knew the putt was slick with a foot of bring out to the right which was perfect for me since I putt left handed. I lifted my belly potter out of my bag and took my stance over my Hogan ball. I felt my debonair stroke just tap the ball and heard the plunk of it dropping into the earth. I had just planted a small moon rock into the center of the earth. It was no ordinary rock and it happened on the hardest hole I have ever played on a golf course. I knew as soon as my Hogan ball dropped the day was mine and all I needed was that one perfect shot (or lucky break of not going in the water) to get me started in my golfing career.

Factors that Influece a Healthy Heart Essay -- Exercise, Health, Lifest

Healthy Hearts1. Different shipway in which exercise keeps your Heart Healthy.cardiovascular System (preventing Angina and Cardiovascular diseases)Citizens who regularly exercise, significantly have less cardiovascular diseases such as Angina (which described in in image 1a is caused due distressing blood flow through the blood vessels in the heart.) lowering their insecurity of heart attacks, strokes, and impotence. Regular exercise lowers blood ram, raises the level of protective graduate(prenominal) density lipoprotein ( alpha-lipoprotein) cholesterol, stimulates weight loss, decreases inflammation and helps prevent blood clots. The Harvard Alumni Study build that the incidence of heart attack was proportionate to the amount of exercise performed. workforce exercising less than 2,000 kcal a week had 64% higher risk of exposure of heart attack than those who exercised at higher steps. Another study showed that a three-month period of intense physical activity, can alter natively increase HDL cholesterol as much as 33% and decrease in LDL cholesterol as much as 9% minify chances of Cardiovascular diseases. Even Non-intense exercises as much as 20 transactions of walking reduces 19% of such chances.b. Deduction in the Heart drift (increase in lifespan)The average resting heart rate for an convention adult ranges amidst 60 to 100 shell per minute (The table below describes the impulse pass judgment for different age groups). Generally, a lower heart rate implies a more efficient heart function and a punter cardiovascular system. For example, a well-trained athlete might have a normal resting heart rate as low as 40 beats per minute. Researchers have also found that men with fast resting heart rates are more likely to develop high blood pressure symptoms than those with slower rates. Some sympto... ... - Heart & Circulatory System. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Mar. 2014. .3. http//www.nydailynews.com/life-style/wellness/long-work-hours-extra-weight-wom en-article-1.1112902Images-How Angina Pectoris Occurs? Health Giants RSS. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Mar. 2014. .2. Vasagar, Jeevan, and Martin Williams. Teachers Warned over Befriending Pupils on Facebook. The Guardian. Guardian intelligence operation and Media, 24 Jan. 2012. Web. 30 Mar. 2014. .3. Running in Cork, Ireland. Running Marathons May motility Damage to Your Heart. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Mar. 2014. .

What Is the Ozone Hype Anyway? :: Free Essay Writer

What Is the Ozone Hype Anyway?The ozone is a pale blue-blooded form of oxygen gas with an odor like chlorine, formed by an electrical discharge in the air (Webster 185).The first time that I thought ab break this research narrative was the first time that I read the syllabus for class. My immediate reaction was that I could not confide that we were actually going to write a ten-page narrative. I was never judge to write a paper of this length before and I was shy(p) if I were going to be able to do so. However, it turned out that it was not that bad, although I did go through many frustrations along the way.First, I had to suffice up with a topic. I think that this was the hardest part. In our class, we employ one of our textbooks to help with this part of the process for our papers. In exercise 1.1, Ballenger suggests that you work up a list below a number of different topics (23). Therefore, I made a list of at least twenty things under each topic that I thought migh t be a possible topic for my paper. My list ranged from pets all the way to relationships and back to health problems. However, after talking to my professor and my friends, and taking Ballengers advice on how to manage topics, I decided to go with the ozone floor (25). I had a fewer different reasons for making this choice. One of them was that this was something that I did not know rattling much about. In addition, the topic was something that I did want to know more(prenominal) about. Consequently, due to the fact that I did not know much, I would not do my research with a bias and more importantly, I would do the research well because I wanted to know more. Next, I had to come up with a question that I wanted to know the set to. Again, Ballenger came with help. In exercise 2.1, Ballenger suggests that you make a list of questions and then bring on peers add questions also. During this process, I went through so many questions. Why was the ozone layer depleting ? What could we do to help? How long has this been going on?

Reverend Grandpa in Cold Sassy Tree :: Cold Sassy Tree

Reverend gramps in Cold pert Tree Cold Sassy Tree In life, spate hang for direction. Everyone in the world needs a helping hand. Some plenty turn to one another while others turn to forces, which atomic number 18 of commodious force play. People turn to great forces such as matinee idol. There are many people who live according to the rules of God, out of the bible or whatever book they consider holy. So therefore, these people are order in leading a better life. In the brilliant saucy Cold Sassy Tree, by Olive Ann Burns, Grandpa is such a person. Whenever Grandpa faces an obstacle, he turns to God. Grandpa turns to God whenever he needs original help. Grandpa is a type of person who is mild, witty, and very religious. Grandpa uses religion to solve many of his problems. At the beginning of the story, daughter Love was the aim of gossip. The whole entire town viewed her as an outsider and couldnt conceive why she married Grandpa, especi whollyy after his wife rec ently died. subsequently Grandpa elopes, he comes back to the house and finds a group of people mourning the sad death. He introduces his new bride and then out of no where, Grandpa says, Lord above, afore this gatherin assembled, I ask You to bless the memory of Miss Mattie Lou (Page 99). Everyone stood in silence as Grandpa continued the prayer. Then all of the sudden, people also began to pray along with Grandpa. This is amazing. Grandpa used the power of God to divert the feelings of the crowd. It is very sly of Grandpa to do that. subsequently on, impart is talking to Grandpa about his frightening encounter with the train. Will asks Grandpa if he is alive because of Gods will (Page 97). Obviously, Grandpa responds with immaterial words. He tells Will that God gave him a brain (Page 97). This shows that Grandpa believes God doesnt do everything. He believes God only does major things. He isnt there twenty four hours a day notwithstanding God gives one certain abilities whic h help at all times. Furthermore, Grandpa starts to give Will a sermon. Grandpa tells him that One dont wood pussy thangs jest by astin (Page 98). This shows that Grandpa is an well-educated man who understands the importance of God. He doesnt even waste his time asking for petty miniscule things because he knows that God would not listen.

Naïveté in Flannery OConnor’s Good Country People Essay -- OConnor G

Navet in Flannery OConnors nifty Country People In Good Country People, Flannery OConnor skillfully presents a story from a third-person point of view, in which the protagonist, Joy-Hulga, believes that she is not one of those good country people. Joy is an intelligent and educated but emotionally roily young woman, struggling to live in a farm environs deep in the countryside of the southeast United States, where she feels that she does not belong. Considering herself intellectually premium to the storys former(a) characters, she experiences an epiphany that may lead her to reconsider her assumptions. Her experience marks a character referencel transition for her and constitutes the storys theme--the passage from navet to knowledge.OConnor crafts the story so that the plot does not actually begin until insight into the characters has been provided. The limited omniscience persona of the narrative voice alternates between Joy and her mother, Mrs. Hopewell. The exposition provid es an understanding of how the characters gull developed the personality traits they possess when the drama begins to take place, which is on a Friday evening during the Spring sometime during the mid-1950s. The exposition demonstrates how Joy develops the social and philosophical assumptions that deeply affect the way she sees herself and relates to others.A view into Joy-Hulgas past reveals why she has so much internal conflict and needs to empower herself finished the constant judgment of others. What most strongly sets her apart from others is her prosthetic leg, which she has been vesture since her real leg was shot off at ten eld of age in a hunting accident. Enduring teasing and other social hardships caused by her disability has led... ...she has also lost the foundation of her identity, her leg. She is set about with the realization that she has been nave all along. In her pattern of being sprightly to make assumptions to build her own self esteem, Joy-Hulga has not used her experience in a socially beneficial way.The results of her shocking experience could be one of many, but considering Joy-Hulgas personality, she is likely to become even more defensive, hostile, and antisocial. She great power become less willing to trust others, especially those who come crossways as good country people. One would hope, however, that Joy will incubate to recognize and admit her own navet and to make few assumptions about the navet of others. Work CitedOConnor, Flannery. Good Country People. literature Reading Fiction, Poetry, and Drama. Ed. Robert DiYanni. 5th ed. New York, NY McGraw, 2002. 181-194.